The assessment and utilisation of geothermal energy require a structured, science-based methodology that ensures technical reliability and environmental sustainability. The overall framework follows international best practice, integrating geological investigation, data interpretation, modelling, and long-term operational management.
The process begins with preliminary investigations, which include the compilation and analysis of geological, hydrogeological, and geophysical datasets to establish the regional subsurface model. These analyses help identify zones with elevated geothermal potential and define the geological and structural setting. Based on these findings, potential opportunities and risks are evaluated, followed by the preparation of technical documentation for exploratory drilling and the acquisition of necessary environmental and administrative permits.
Once exploratory wells are drilled, in-situ measurements — including temperature, flow rate, and hydrochemical properties — are used to quantify the recoverable heat potential and refine the geological model. The results inform the design of operational systems and provide input for monitoring strategies. During the operational phase, continuous performance tracking and maintenance ensure system reliability and environmental protection, while decommissioning and site restoration conclude the project in accordance with regulatory standards.
A central part of the methodology is the mapping of thermal conductivity and heat flow in the subsurface, which determines the capacity of rocks to transfer heat. This process combines lithological, geophysical, and laboratory data to build spatially explicit models of thermal properties. Thermal conductivity (λ) is determined either through direct laboratory measurements or empirical correlations with rock types, calibrated using temperature gradient data from boreholes. Hydrogeological and geophysical parameters — such as heat flow density, porosity, and groundwater dynamics—are integrated to capture both conductive and convective heat transfer processes.
All datasets are processed within a geographic information system (GIS), enabling interpolation, spatial modelling, and visualisation of geothermal potential. The resulting maps of heat flux and thermal conductivity provide a quantitative basis for selecting drilling locations, estimating sustainable extraction rates, and supporting spatial planning decisions. As new data become available, models are iteratively refined to reduce uncertainty and improve predictive accuracy.
This integrated approach links systematic project development stages with advanced spatial modelling of subsurface thermal properties. It provides a coherent scientific foundation for the planning and implementation of geothermal systems, ensuring that energy extraction is efficient, economically viable, and environmentally responsible.
